There is no measurement that can directly observe the wave function of a quantum mechanical system, but the wave function is still enormously useful as its (complex) square represents the probability ...

Abstract: Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is one of the best solutions that can find the optimal solution to an optimization problem. While, the canonical PSO may suffer from the problems that it ...

Silicon semiconductors are widely used as particle detectors; however, their long-term operation is constrained by ...

Pulmonary function tests are a group of noninvasive breathing tests that measure how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly you can move air in and out and how efficiently your lungs transfer ...

Abstract: An alternative expression for the Poynting vector valid for region of evanescent waves is presented. This expression is the intrinsic function in the method of single expression (MSE). The ...

An equation of motion in the presence of a drag force proportional to the velocity is derived in the framework of alternative ...

This file provides some mathematical operations that apply to each entry in a vector. It provides normalization and angle computation, and it provides functions for searching lists of vectors for ...